Exercise to Treat Depression in Individuals With Coronary Heart Disease

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is caused by a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. It is the leading cause of death in the United States. Recent evidence has suggested that depression is a significant risk factor for individuals with CHD and may place additional strain on the heart. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a type of antidepressant medication, have been shown to be especially effective at reducing depression symptoms, particularly for individuals with CHD. However, many people fail to benefit from medication alone or they experience negative side effects. Therefore, a need exists to identify alternative approaches for treating depression in individuals with CHD. Preliminary research has shown that exercise may be an effective way to improve mood and treat depression. More research, however, is needed to confirm the benefits of exercise in individuals with CHD. The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of a supervised exercise program, antidepressant treatment, and placebo in reducing depression and improving heart function in individuals with CHD.

This 16-week study will enroll adults with a history of CHD and depression. Participants will be randomly assigned to an aerobic exercise program, antidepressant medication, or placebo. At study entry, standardized psychological questionnaires will be completed and depression levels and exercise tolerance will be assessed. Participants' heart function will be evaluated through measures of flow-mediated vasodilatation, inflammation, platelet function, baroreflex, and heart rate variability. Participants assigned to the exercise program will be required to engage in structured aerobic exercise. Participants assigned to antidepressant medication will receive sertraline, an SSRI or placebo. The treating psychiatrist will be blinded to pill condition and will use supportive measures to help manage medication side effects. Outcome assessors will be unaware of patients' treatment assignments, and only the research pharmacist will be aware of which patients are assigned to sertraline or to placebo.

At Week 16, participants will return to the clinic for repeat assessments of baseline measures. A follow-up evaluation will occur six months following the end of treatment, and participants' depression levels and clinical status will be assessed.

• Depression
• Heart Diseases

• Behavioral: Supervised Aerobic Exercise
  Supervised aerobic exercise, three times per week, for 16 weeks.
• Drug: Sertraline
  Sertraline (Zoloft), daily, for 16 weeks.
• Drug: Placebo Pill.
  Placebo pill, daily, for 16 weeks.

• Experimental: 1
  Supervised aerobic exercise, three times per week for 16 weeks.
  Intervention: Behavioral: Supervised Aerobic Exercise
• Active Comparator: 2
  Sertraline (Zoloft), for 16 weeks.
  Intervention: Drug: Sertraline
• Placebo Comparator: 3
  Placebo control, for 16 weeks.
  Intervention: Drug: Placebo Pill.

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• Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Moore KA, Craighead WE, Herman S, Khatri P, Waugh R, Napolitano MA, Forman LM, Appelbaum M, Doraiswamy PM, Krishnan KR. Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression. Arch Intern Med. 1999 Oct 25;159(19):2349-56.
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Inclusion Criteria:

• Persistent depressive symptoms that may include the following: depressed mood; diminished interest or pleasure in activities; change in appetite; insomnia or hypersomnia; psychomotor agitation or retardation; fatigue or loss of energy; feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate; or recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideations
• Documented history of coronary heart disease (i.e., a prior heart attack, coronary artery bypass graft, or greater than 75% stenosis in at least one coronary artery)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Experienced an acute heart attack or any revascularization procedure (i.e., CABG or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) within 60 days of study entry
• Left ventricular ejection fraction <30% with labile ECG changes prior to testing
• Currently using a pacemaker
• Resting blood pressure greater than 160/100 mmHg
• Left main disease >50%
• Failure to meet our criteria for depression or achieve a score of ?9 on the Beck Depression Inventory-II
• Any other concurrent psychiatric intervention
• Primary psychiatric diagnosis other than Major or Minor Depressive Episode
• Primary diagnosis of the following psychiatric disorders: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, other psychotic disorder, dementia, current delirium, current obsessive compulsive disorder
• Experienced psychotic symptoms during the current depressive episode
• Current abuse or dependence on alcohol or other drugs
• Acute suicide risk
• Patients who, during the course of the study, would likely require treatment with additional psychotherapeutic agents
• Significant medical conditions that would make exercise or sertraline use medically inadvisable (e.g., unstable angina, heart attack within the 3 months prior to study entry, musculoskeletal problems, or congestive heart failure)
• Abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level and glucose level greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL
• Patients who would not be able to be randomized to either the drug (e.g., adverse cardiac events such as prolonged QT interval, allergic responses) or exercise (e.g., musculoskeletal problems, abnormal cardiac response to exercise, such as exercise-induced VT, abnormal blood pressure response, etc.)
• Currently using medications that would make exercise or sertraline use medically inadvisable (e.g., clonidine, dicumarol, warfarin, anticonvulsants, or MAO inhibitors)
• Current uncontrolled medical condition that could be causing the depressive symptoms (e.g., thyroid dysfunction, anemia)
• Pregnant, planning to get pregnant during the study period, or lactating
• Herbal supplements with purported mood effects (e.g., St. John's wort, valerian, gingko)
• Current use of antidepressant medication
• Currently participating in psychotherapy
• Currently participating in regular aerobic exercise
• Documented failure to respond to sertraline therapy